Infertility is when a couple is unable to get pregnant after 6 – 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. If the woman is above the age of 35, the duration of inability to get pregnant may be reduced to 6 months. Although infertility problems can be due to both infertility in males and females, in this section we explore the common risk factors and medical conditions that affect a women's fertility.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for female infertility include
- Advancing age – a woman's fertility begins to decline in her mid-30s
- Unhealthy lifestyle habits such as smoking or alcoholism
- Being extremely underweight or overweight
Talk to your obstetrician and gynaecologist to understand more.
Medical Causes
Certain medical conditions that interfere with ovulation, damage the fallopian tubes, or cause hormonal complications may also result in female infertility. These include endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
a) Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disease involving growth of tissue resembling the endometrium (uterine lining) in places outside the uterus. In the ovaries, cysts known as endometriomas or 'chocolate cysts' may form. Implants of endometriosis may grow on the peritoneum (the lining of the abdomen and pelvis), sometimes causing scarring that may involve the ovaries and block the fallopian tubes, resulting in infertility.
b) Uterine fibroids
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterus. Fibroids may increase pregnancy complications and delivery risks. Common symptoms include heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding, frequent urination, pain during intercourse, or pressure in the abdomen.
Diagnosis & Treatment
If you have been unable to conceive after 6 – 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse, talk to your obstetrician & gynaecologist to explore having your fertility checked. Your doctor may perform a physical examination and analyse your partner's semen. If you are found to have underlying medical conditions, your doctor will discuss treatment approaches which may include lifestyle changes, medication, or assisted reproductive technology. Speak to your obstetrician & gynaecologist to find out more.