Dr Ng Kheng Hong
普通外科医生
来源： Shutterstock
结直肠癌： 风险因素与预防
上次更新时间： 2018年11月22日 | 2 分钟阅读时间
结直肠筛查为何重要？
结直肠癌是新加坡最常见的癌症，也是最容易预防的癌症之一。然而，却没有足够的人去做筛查，以便在癌前病变分期及早发现。
结直肠癌的病因是什么？
结直肠癌的确切病因尚不清楚，但有许多因素会增加患结直肠癌的风险，如年龄、抽烟、缺乏运动、压力、家族史以及糖尿病和溃疡性结肠炎或克罗恩病等疾病。
结直肠癌可以预防吗？
结直肠癌始于被称为息肉的小的良性肿瘤。息肉从几毫米慢慢长到直径约 2 厘米，然后转变为大肠癌。预防大肠癌的唯一行之有效的方法就是及早发现这些息肉，并在为时已晚之前将其切除。
我应该多久做一次结肠镜检查？
结肠镜检查是一种简单的手术操作，医生可以通过肉眼检查肠粘膜，发现癌前息肉并将其切除。医生建议 50 岁以上的人进行结肠镜检查。早期大肠癌可能不会出现症状，因此如果不进行定期筛查就很难发现。
因此，无论年龄大小，只要出现直肠出血、排便习惯改变等大肠癌症状，都应及时就医。有大肠癌家族史的人应该更早地开始结肠镜检查，并且做得更频繁。如果筛查结果正常，以后应每 5-10 年做一次。但是，如果您的结肠内曾有过癌前息肉，就需要定期做结肠镜检查，而且检查频率要根据息肉的数量和大小来决定。您的医生应该能够为您提供这方面的建议。
早期发现结直肠癌
大肠癌是可以预防的，因为它从结直肠息肉开始，需要数年时间才会癌变。如果发现得早，5 年生存率可达 90%。结肠镜检查是一种安全的手术，并发症发生率低，建议从 50 岁开始每 10 年做一次。随着近年来结肠镜检查技术的进步，即使是直径大于 2 厘米的息肉也可以通过结肠镜检查安全切除。
通过了解大肠癌风险、提高筛查率和改变生活方式，可以挽救许多生命。如果您出现持续腹痛、直肠出血、便秘加重、不明原因的减肥、排便习惯突然改变等症状，请咨询医生，评估您是否适合接受结肠镜检查。
预防大肠癌的唯一行之有效的方法是及早发现结肠息肉，并在其癌变之前将其切除。
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