髌腱炎（跳跃膝）
什么是髌腱炎（跳跃膝）？
髌腱炎（又称跳跃膝）是一种影响连接膝盖骨（髌骨）与胫骨的髌腱的损伤。髌腱的功能是在小腿运动（如跳跃、踢腿和蹬腿等动作）过程中辅助肌肉活动。
髌腱炎的特点是疼痛和炎症，导致肌腱薄弱，产生小撕裂伤。由此产生的疼痛可干扰日常活动（如爬楼梯或坐车）以及体育运动。
髌腱炎有哪些症状？
髌腱炎症状包括：
- 膝盖骨底部疼痛和压痛，尤其是在跪着或从蹲位站起来时
- 随着肌腱损伤恶化而加剧的零星疼痛
- 膝盖骨有肿胀或烧灼感
- 瘀伤或发红，尤其是受伤时
- 需要弯曲和伸直膝盖的日常活动会引起不适
髌腱炎的病因是什么？
髌腱炎（跳跃膝）通常是由膝关节过度使用和髌腱反复受力引起的。这在从事篮球和排球等涉及蹲下和跳跃运动的人群中更为常见。
髌腱炎有哪些风险因素？
髌腱炎风险因素包括：
- 大腿和腘绳肌紧张，这会增加对髌腱的压力。
- 腿部肌肉力量不均匀或肌肉失衡，更强壮的肌肉对髌腱产生更大的拉力。
- 腿、脚踝和足部对齐异常，包括弓形腿、膝外翻和扁平足等疾病。
- 髌腱张力增加，当肌腱的生长跟不上小腿的生长速度时可能会发生这种情况。这被称为 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson 障碍，即肌腱牵拉膝盖骨的底尖。
- 肥胖症，这会给膝盖关节带来更大的压力。
- 肾功能衰竭、类风湿关节炎或 糖尿病等慢性疾病会影响流向膝盖的血液并削弱肌腱。
- 由于股四头肌收缩的方式，导致跳跃和落地的姿势不正确。
如何预防髌腱炎？
可以通过以下方式降低罹患跳跃膝的风险：
- 运动前充分拉伸和热身
- 运动后缓和与拉伸
- 运动时佩戴膝关节支具
- 加强支撑膝盖的腿部肌肉
- 练习良好的跳跃技巧，尤其是落地时
- 避免在混凝土等坚硬表面上跳跃或落地
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